Sailing through the COVID-19 challenges on admission rates: An experience-based treatment care model for inpatient psychiatry services from central India

INTRODUCTION

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic hit the healthcare system worldwide and led to the imposing of a lockdown in India from the evening of March 24, 2020, except for emergency services.^[1] Our hospital started the dedicated COVID service facility, and the workforce and logistics were shifted to the new dedicated service. The routine outpatient department services were shut down on March 25, 2020, in our hospital, but we continued the opioid substitution clinic for opioid-dependent patients.^[2] However, the restrictions imposed and fear of uncertainty about the pandemic increased the mental health problems in the general public of India.^[3] The lack of access to purchase medications and routine regular follow-ups of patients with mental illness further resulted in exacerbation or relapse of their existing illnesses. Inpatient services were also affected in many parts of the country, but we decided to continue inpatient psychiatric care while exercising COVID-related precautions.^[4-6] However, the reason for admission to the inpatient department facility was narrowed down to only those patients requiring care for suicide risk, aggressive behavior, organic etiology, substance use, and catatonia. We further designed a management model to provide psychiatry inpatient services in a general hospital setting during the pandemic.

METHODOLOGY

We did a retrospective chart review of inpatient admissions in the psychiatry ward by comparing admission data during two periods, that is, from April 2019 to March 2020 and from April 2020 to March 2021. Data were collected and analyzed regarding the number of admissions, length of hospital stay, and discharge processes during the COVID-19 pandemic from April 2020 to March 2021. This data was compared with admissions in the previous year to understand the impact of the pandemic on psychiatry inpatient admission rates within a general hospital setting.

Apart from that, we also included the measures and management model adopted by us during the pandemic to ensure smooth functioning. The initial few months were more challenging as our country had restricted facilities for testing. Hence, we tried to adopt the treatment care model based on experience and existing models available universally to provide uninterrupted care.

RESULTS

To ensure smooth functioning in the background of COVID-19 challenges and the need for mental health services that require hospitalization, we devised a treatment care model as detailed in the flowchart below [Figure 1]. The psychiatry duty team did an initial assessment to establish the need for hospitalization. The patient, along with their caretaker, was admitted with informed consent after screening using a symptom checklist. This checklist includes the items on basic physical parameters, travel history, and close contact with patients with COVID-19. They were kept in separately assigned isolation cubicles for one week to look for the emergence of COVID-related symptoms, who were later shifted to the wards. Other measures were also taken to control the spread of the virus in the ward. The gap between the beds was increased, daily temperature checks of patients and their caretakers, and daily demonstration of hand hygiene techniques for inpatients was ensured. The infection control measures were followed with regular disinfection of wards, use of N95 masks, and use of personal protective equipment kits by the treating team. During the hospital stay, the movement of the caretaker was also restricted and the length of hospital stay has been curtailed to decrease the exposure and advised follow-up in telepsychiatry at the time of discharge. During the stay in the hospital, if the patient/caretaker developed symptoms and was found COVID-19 positive, the patient/caretaker was either shifted to the COVID isolation ward of our hospital or discharged for home isolation based on the symptom status and patient preference.

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Figure 1:

Flow chart showing patient admission and discharge process in psychiatry inpatient ward. RT-PCR: Real-time reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction, JR: Junior resident, SR: Senior resident.

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During the COVID pandemic from April 2020 to March 2021, the admission rate, length of stay, and discharge process have been significantly affected. Here, we summarize the inpatient data during the above period to understand the impact of COVID-19 on inpatient care in a psychiatry department in a general hospital setting that was catering to the population of central India, mainly Chhattisgarh and some parts of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

The total number of admissions during this period was 161, compared to 305 admissions between April 2019 and March 2020. There was a 47% reduction in the number of admissions during the time frame of one year during the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison to admissions in the previous year during the corresponding time frame. The most common diagnosis requiring admission was mood disorders, with 33.93% of admissions, followed by psychotic disorders, accounting for 32.74%, and substance use disorders, accounting for 22.62% of total admissions. The average duration of stay in hospital was 12.17 days, with a mean duration of stay low for organic mental disorder (6.2 days), alcohol use disorder (8.34 days), and the longest for psychotic disorders (15.25), as shown in Figure 2. The average duration of stay was 15.54 days, which was comparatively longer for the female gender, while it was 11.16 days for the male gender. The mean duration of stay was also affected by the COVID status of the patient or caretaker, that is, the length of stay was five days when COVID status was positive compared to 13.48 days in non-positive. The COVID positivity rate of inpatients was 11.90%, of which 60% were discharged for home isolation, and 36.6% were transferred out to the COVID ward. In the remaining 3.4% of cases, if the caretaker was positive, then another caretaker in their place was accommodated to continue patient hospitalization. A total of 15 (33%) health personnel from our treating team were also affected by COVID-19 infection during this time. Various team-building measures ensured a healthy work culture during this difficult time, and enthusiastic team members resumed their duties after recovering from COVID-19 infection.

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Figure 2:

Number of days of hospital stay according to diagnosis.

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DISCUSSION

The pandemic had a significant effect on the admission rate and length of stay of inpatients in our psychiatric department. Comparing the period from April 2020 to March 2021 with the previous year, we observed a 47% reduction in the number of admissions. This decline may be attributed to various factors, including patient reluctance to seek inpatient care during the pandemic and the prioritization of COVID-19 cases over other health concerns by healthcare professionals. The most common disorders that require inpatient management include mood disorders, psychosis will be at higher risk of harm due to the nature of the illness, lack of insight, and poor judgment. Substance use disorders also require inpatient treatment due to complicated withdrawal and distressing symptoms precipitated by sudden unavailability and restrictions on alcohol sales. The ongoing COVID-19 crisis has forced healthcare systems worldwide to adapt and innovate in the face of unprecedented challenges. One such is the experience-based treatment care model employed in inpatient psychiatry services that necessitated us to adopt to continue care. This model focuses on enhancing the overall patient experience while providing mental health care during the pandemic. At the outset, we could have opted for the closure of our inpatient services in the wake of the pandemic, but we chose to run the services for the benefit of patients. Major challenges while running these services were reduced staff-to-patient ratio due to the diversion of staff to COVID duties and health care personnel being affected by COVID-19. Adding to the burden of deficiency in the workforce, managing those patients with predominantly psychotic symptoms with poor insight was a task in the face of rising COVID-positive cases among patients and their caregivers.^[7] Patients with mental illness without insight were also the high-risk individuals susceptible to COVID-19 infection as lack of insight may contribute to the difficulties in managing these individuals to adhere to COVID-19 safety measures. This further had a very high chance of nosocomial spread and increased COVID-19 positivity rate in the psychiatry ward compared to other wards.

Gradually, with the availability of test kits and increased COVID positivity rate in psychiatry ward inpatients, we revised our policy to test every patient and their accompanying caretaker admitted to the ward irrespective of symptom or exposure status.^[8]

STEPS TAKEN TO SUPPORT THE UNIVERSAL TREATMENT MODEL AT OUR CENTER

Below are some steps taken to address the specific challenges presented by the pandemic at a psychiatric care center to support the universally followed model during COVID-19.

CONCLUSION

The challenges brought by the COVID pandemic have led to a chain of changes in inpatient services provided by the psychiatry department. A successful experience-based treatment care model for inpatient psychiatry services during the COVID-19 crisis involves a holistic and evolving approach. It prioritizes safety, patient-centered care, and ongoing support, while leveraging technology and collaboration to address the unique challenges posed by the pandemic.